554. Louisa May Alcott, Little Women; or Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1916): 92. 555. Sandra Blakeslee, Dr. T. Berry Brazelton, Who Explored Babies’ Mental Growth, Dies at 99, New York Times, March 14, 2018, https://­www.nytimes.com/­2018/­03/14/obituaries/dr-t-berry-brazelton-dies.html. 556. Amy O’Connor, “Pregnancy Brain” or Forgetfulness During Pregnancy, What to Expect, October 2, 2020, https://­www.whattoexpect.com/­pregnancy/­symptoms-and-solutions/forgetfulness.aspx. 557. Orli Dahan, The Birthing Brain: A Lacuna in Neuroscience, Brain and Cognition 150 (June 2021): 105722, https://­doi.org/­10.1016/­j.bandc.2021.105722. 558. Timothy G. Dinan and John F. Cryan, Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome, Neuropsychopharmacology 42, № 1 (January 2017): 178–92, https://­doi.org/­10.1038/­npp.2016.103. 559. Nusiebeh Redpath, Hannah S. Rackers, and Mary C. Kimmel, The Relationship between Perinatal Mental Health and Stress: A Review of the Microbiome, Current Psychiatry Reports 21, № 3 (March 2, 2019): 18, https://­doi.org/­10.1007/­s11920-019-0998-z. 560. Nusiebeh Redpath, Hannah S. Rackers, and Mary C. Kimmel, The Relationship between Perinatal Mental Health and Stress: A Review of the Microbiome, Current Psychiatry Reports 21, № 3 (March 2, 2019): 18, https://­doi.org/­10.1007/­s11920-019-0998-z. 561. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. Chimera, accessed October 31, 2021, https://­www.britannica.com/­topic/­Chimera-Greek-mythology. 562. Diana W. Bianchi, Kiarash Khosrotehrani, Sing Sing Way, Tippi C. MacKenzie, Ingeborg Bajema, and Keelin O’Donoghue, Forever Connected: The Lifelong Biological Consequences of Fetomaternal and Maternofetal Microchimerism, Clinical Chemistry 67, № 2 (February 2021): 351–62, https://­doi.org/­10.1093/­clinchem/hvaa304. 563. Jeremy M. Kinder, Ina A. Stelzer, Petra C. Arck, and Sing Sing Way, Immunological Implications of Pregnancy-Induced Microchimerism, Nature Reviews Immunology 17, № 8 (August 2017): 483–94, https://­doi.org/­10.1038/­nri.2017.38. 564. Kinder et al., Immunological Implications of Pregnancy-Induced Microchimerism, https://­doi.org/­10.1038/­nri.2017.38. 565. Bianchi et al., Forever Connected, https://­doi.org/­10.1093/­clinchem/hvaa304. 566. Boddy, Fortunato, Sayres, and Aktipis, Fetal Microchimerism and Maternal Health, https://­doi.org/­10.1002/­bies.201500059. 567. William F. N. Chan, Cécile Gurnot, Thomas J. Montine, Joshua A. Sonnen, Katherine A. Guthrie, and J. Lee Nelson, Male Microchimerism in the Human Female Brain, PLoS ONE 7, № 9 (September 26, 2012): e45592, https://­doi.org/­10.1371/­journal.pone.0045592. 568. Liisa A. M. Galea, Wansu Qiu, and Paula Duarte-Guterman, Beyond Sex Differences: Short and Long-Term Implications of Motherhood on Women’s Health, in Sex Differences, ed. Susan Howlett and Stephen Goodwin, special issue, Current Opinion in Physiology 6 (December 2018): 82–88, https://­www.sciencedirect.com/­science/­article/pii/S2468867318300865. 569. Gender Studies in Product Development: Historical Overview, US Food and Drug Administration, February 16, 2018, https://­www.fda.gov/­science-research/­womens-health-research/gender-studies-product-development-historical-overview; and Londa Schiebinger, Women’s Health and Clinical Trials, Journal of Clinical Investigation 112, № 7 (October 2003): 973–77, https://­doi.org/­10.1172/­JCI19993. 570. Anna C. Mastroianni, Ruth Faden, and Daniel Federman, eds. Women and Health Research, vol. 1, Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1994). 571. Rowena J. Dolor, Chiara Melloni, Ranee Chatterjee, Nancy M. Allen LaPointe, Judson B. Williams Jr., Remy R. Coeytaux, Amanda J. McBroom, et al., Treatment Strategies for Women with Coronary Artery Disease, in Comparative Effectiveness Review (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, August 2012), https://­www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/­books/­NBK100775/. 572. Matthew E. Arnegard, Lori A. Whitten, Chyren Hunter, and Janine Austin Clayton, Sex as a Biological Variable: A 5-Year Progress Report and Call to Action, in Incorporating Sex and Gender throughout Scientific Endeavors: Update and Call to Action, special issue, Journal of Women’s Health 29, № 6 (June 2020): 858–64, https://­doi.org/­10.1089/­jwh.2019.8247. 573. Sex and Gender Analysis Policies of Major Granting Agencies, Gendered Innovations, accessed November 2 2021, https://­www.genderedinnovations.se/­page/­en-US/72/Major_­Granting_­Agencies. 574. Nicole C. Woitowich, Annaliese Beery, and Teresa Woodruff, A 10-Year Follow-Up Study of Sex Inclusion in the Biological Sciences, eLife 9 (June 9, 2020): e56344, https://­doi.org/­10.7554/­eLife.56344; Jenna Haverfield and Cara Tannenbaum, A 10-Year Longitudinal Evaluation of Science Policy Interventions to Promote Sex and Gender in Health Research, Health Research Policy and Systems 19 (June 15, 2021): 94, https://­doi.org/­10.1186/­s12961-021-00741-x. 575. Rebecca K. Rechlin, Tallinn F. L. Splinter, Travis E. Hodges, Arianne Y. Albert, and Liisa A. M. Galea, Harnessing the Power of Sex Differences: What a Difference Ten Years Did Not Make, BioRxiv (November 4, 2021), https://­doi.org/­10.1101/­2021.06.30.450396. 576. Ansley Waters, Society for Women’s Health Research Alzheimer’s Disease Network, and Melissa H. Laitner, Biological Sex Differences in Alzheimer’s Preclinical Research: A Call to Action, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 7, № 1 (February 14, 2021): e12111, https://­doi.org/­10.1002/­trc2.12111. 577. Basic HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects, Code of Federal Regulations, title 45, part 46, effective July 14, 2009 (Rockville, MD: Office for Human Research Protections), https://­www.hhs.gov/­ohrp/­regulations-and-policy/regulations/regulatory-text/index.html; Carolyn Y. Johnson, Long Overlooked by Science, Pregnancy Is Finally Getting Attention It Deserves, Washington Post, March 6, 2019, https://­www.washingtonpost.com/­national/­health-science/­long-overlooked-by-science-pregnancy-is-finally-getting-attention-it-deserves/­2019/­03/­06/­a29ae9bc-3556–11e9-af5b-b51b7ff322e9_­story.html. 578. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Pregnant Women: Scientific and Ethical Considerations for Inclusion in Clinical Trials, Draft Guidance Document, docket FDA-2018-D-1201 (US Food and Drug Administration, April 2018), https://­www.fda.gov/­regulatory-information/­search-fda-guidance-documents/pregnant-women-scientific-and-ethical-considerations-inclusion-clinical-trials. 579. Task Force on Research Specific to Pregnant Women and Lactating Women, Report to Secretary, Health and Human Services, Congress, September 2018, https://­www.nichd.nih.gov/­sites/­default/files/2018–09/PRGLAC_­Report.pdf. 580. Johnson, Pregnancy Is Finally Getting Attention, https://­www.washingtonpost.com/­national/­health-science/long-overlooked-by-science-pregnancy-is-finally-getting-attention-it-deserves/2019/03/06/a29ae9bc-3556–11e9-af5b-b51b7ff322e9_­story.html?utm_­term=­.362cb58e9639. 581. Gladys M. Martinez, Kimberly Daniels, and Isaedmarie Febo-Vazquez, Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–44 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2015, in National Health Statistics Reports, № 113 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2018): 1–17. 582. Bianchi et al., Forever Connected, https://­doi.org/­10.1093/­clinchem/hvaa304. 583. Bianchi et al., Forever Connected, https://­doi.org/­10.1093/­clinchem/hvaa304. 584. Victoria C. Musey, Delwood C. Collins, Paul I. Musey, D. Martino-Saltzman, and John R. K. Preedy, Long-Term Effect of a First Pregnancy on the Secretion of Prolactin, New England Journal of Medicine 316, № 5 (January 29, 1987): 229–34, https://­doi.org/­10.1056/­NEJM198701293160501; and Caitlin M. Taylor et al., Applying a Women’s Health Lens to the Study of the Aging Brain, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13 (2019): 224, https://­doi.org/­10.3389/­fnhum.2019.00224. 585. Duarte-Guterman, Leuner, and Galea, The Long and Short Term Effects of Motherhood on the Brain, https://­doi.org/­10.1016/­j.yfrne.2019.02.004; Nicholas P. Deems and Benedetta Leuner, Pregnancy, Postpartum and Parity: Resilience and Vulnerability in Brain Health and Disease, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 57 (April 2020): 100820, https://­doi.org/­10.1016/­j.yfrne.2020.100820. 586. Samantha Tang and Bronwyn M. Graham, Hormonal, Reproductive, and Behavioural Predictors of Fear Extinction Recall in Female Rats, Hormones and Behavior 121 (May 2020): 104693, https://­doi.org/­10.1016/­j.yhbeh.2020.104693. 587. Tang and Graham, Predictors of Fear Extinction Recall in Female Rats, https://­doi.org/­10.1016/­j.yhbeh.2020.104693; J. S. Milligan-Saville and B. M. Graham, Mothers Do It Differently: Reproductive Experience Alters Fear Extinction in Female Rats and Women, Translational Psychiatry 6, № 10 (October 2016): e928, https://­doi.org/­10.1038/­tp.2016.193. 588. Claire Cain Miller, The World “Has Found a Way to Do This”: The U.S. Lags on Paid Leave, New York Times, October 25, 2021, https://­www.nytimes.com/­2021/­10/25/upshot/paid-leave-democrats.html.